BioMed Foundation
A-Level
A2 Notes
12. Energy and respiration
12.01 The Need for Energy in Living Organisms
12.02 Aerobic Respiration
12.03 Glycolysis
12.04 Link Reaction
12.11 Chapter Summary
12.11 Past Paper Practise
13. Photosynthesis
13.11 Past Paper Practise
13.21 Chapter Summary
14. Homeostasis
14.01 Overview: Homeostasis
14.02 Internal Environment
14.03 Negative Feedback (Homeostatic Control)
14.04 Excretion in Mammals
14.05 Structure and Histology of the Kidney
14.06 Ultrafiltration and Urine Production
14.07 Identify Parts of a Nephron in Images
14.08 Control of Water Content and the Role of ADH
14.09 Control of Blood Glucose
14.10 Homeostasis in Plants
14.12 Past Paper Practice
14.21 Chapter Summary
14. End of Chapter Questions
Question 1a
Question 1b (i)
Question 1b (ii)
Question 1b (iii)
Question 2a (i)
Question 2a (ii)
Question 2a (iii)
Question 2b (i)
Question 2b (ii)
Question 2c
Question 3a
Question 3b
Question 3c
Question 3d
Question 3e
Question 4a
Question 4b
Question 4c
Question 5a (i)
Question 5a (ii)
Question 5a (iii)
Question 5b (i)
Question 5b (ii)
Question 6a
Question 6b
Question 7a
Question 7b (i)(ii)
Question 7c
Question 8a
Question 8b
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15. Control and coordination
15.01 Coordination in Organisms
15.02 Nervous Communication
15.03 Myelin
15.04 Neuronal Impulse Transmission
15.05 Receptors
15.06 Synapses
15.07 Muscle Structure and Contraction
15.08 Control and Coordination in Plants
15.09 Plant Hormones
15.10 Chapter Summary
15.12 Past Paper Practice
15.21 Chapter Summary
16. Inheritance
16.01 Gametes and Reproduction
16.02 Haploid and Diploid Cells
16.03 Meiosis
16.04 Genetic Variation
16.05 Genes, Alleles, Genotype and Phenotype
16.06 Monohybrid Inheritance and Genetic Diagrams
16.07 F1, F2, and Test Crosses
16.08 Sex Linkage
16.09 Dihybrid Inheritance
16.10 Epistasis
16.11 Autosomal Linkage and Crossing Over
16.12 Chi-Squared (χ²)
16.13 Gene-Protein-Phenotype Relationship
16.14 Gene Control in Prokaryotes
16.15 Transcription Factors in Eukaryotes
16.16 Chapter Summary
16.18 Past Paper Practise
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17. Selection and evolution
17.01 Variation in Populations
17.02 Continuous and Discontinuous Variation
17.03 Natural Selection
17.04 Selection Pressures and Survival
17.05 Genetic Drift, Founder Effect, and Evolutionary Bottlenecks
17.06 Hardy–Weinberg Principle
17.07 Artificial Selection
17.08 Evolution and Speciation
17.09 Genetic Isolation and Speciation
17.10 Evolutionary Relationships
17.12 Chapter Summary
17.13 Past Paper Practise
18. Classification, biodiversity and conservation
18.01 Classification: The Species Concept
18.02 Hierarchical Classification
18.03 Three Domains – Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
18.04 Four Kingdoms of the Domain Eukarya
18.05 Kingdom Protoctista
18.06 Kingdom Fungi
18.07 Kingdom Plantae
18.08 Kingdom Animalia
18.09 Viruses
18.10 Biodiversity
18.10 End of Chapter Questions
18.11 Ecosystems and Habitats
18.12 Species Diversity and Genetic Diversity
18.13 Assessing Species Diversity
18.14 Sampling
18.15 Estimating Abundance of Mobile Animals and Measuring Species Diversity
18.16 Systematic Sampling
18.17 Correlation
18.18 Maintaining Biodiversity
18.19 Protecting Endangered Species
18.20 Controlling Alien (Invasive) Species
18.21 International Conservation Organisations
18.22 Chapter Summary
18.24 Past Paper Practise
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19. Genetic technology
19.20 Past Paper Practise
19.21 Chapter Summary
P2. Practical skills
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AS Notes
01. Cell structure
1.01 Cells & Viruses
1.02 Animal and Plant Cells and Organelles
1.03 Drawing Cells
1.04 Units of Measurement and Organelle Sizes
1.05 Electromagnetic Spectrum
1.06 Light Microscope
1.06 Electron Microscope
1.07 Resolution & Magnification
1.08 Measuring cells
1.09 Practicals: Organelles, Cells and Viruses
1.10 Chapter Summary
1.12 Past Paper Practise
02. Biological molecules
02.01 Biochemistry Principals
02.02 Building Blocks of Life
02.03 Water
02.04 Monomers, Polymers, and Macromolecules
02.05 Carbohydrates
02.06 Cellulose
02.07 Lipids & Triglycerides
02.08 Alcohols and Esters
02.09 Phospholipids
02.10 Proteins
02.11 Protein Levels of Organization
02.12 Practical: Food test
02.13 Chapter Summary
03. Enzymes
03.01 Enzymes
03.02 Enzymes: Mode of Action
03.03 Enzyme: Product Formation
03.04 Enzyme Action: Temperature
03.05 Enzyme Action: pH
03.06 Enzyme Action: Enzyme Concentration
03.07 Enzyme Action: Substrate Concentration
03.08 Enzyme Affinities
03.09 Enzyme Inhibitors
03.10 Immobilising Enzymes
03.11 Practical: Enzymes
03.12 Chapter Summary
03.14 Past Paper Questions
04. Cell membranes and transport
4.01 Overview: Cell Membrane
4.02 Phospholipid Bilayer
4.03 Membrane Proteins
4.04 Membrane Lipids
4.05 Carbohydrates, Glycoproteins & Glycolipids
4.06 Cell Signalling & Response
4.07 Overview: Mechanisms of Transport Across Membranes
4.08 Diffusion
4.09 Osmosis
4.10 Active Transport & Bulk Transport
4.11 Practicals: Diffusion & Osmosis
4.12 Chapter Summary
04. End of Chapter Questions
Question 1
Question 2
Question 3
Question 4
Question 5a
Question 5b
Question 6a
Question 6b
Question 6c
Question 6d
Question 6e
Question 6f
05. Mitosis and Cell Cycle
5.01 Growth and Reproduction of Cells
5.02 Chromosomes
5.03 Cell Cycle
5.04 Mitosis
5.05 Telomeres
5.06 Stem Cells
5.07 Cancers
5.08 Practicals: Mitosis
5.10 Chapter Summary
06. Nucleic acids & protein synthesis
6.01 Molecule of Life
6.02 Structure of DNA and RNA
6.03 DNA Replication
6.04 The Genetic Code
6.05 Protein Synthesis
6.06 Gene Mutations
6.07 Chapter Summary
07. Transport in plants
7.01 Plant Overview
7.02 Vascular System: Xylem and Phloem
7.03 Structure of Stems, Roots, and Leaves
7.04 Biological Drawings
7.05 Transport of Water
7.06 Xerophytes
7.07 Water: Soil → Root Hairs
7.08 Water: Roots → leaves
7.10 Water: Leaves → atmosphere
7.11 Transport of Assimilates in Plants
7.12 Chapter Summary
08. Transport in mammals
8.01 Transport Systems in Animals
8.02 Circulatory System
8.03 Blood Vessels
8.04 Tissue Fluid & Lymph
8.05 Blood
8.06 Haemoglobin (Bohr + Diss. Curve)
8.07 Gas Transport In The Blood
8.08 Heart Anatomy and Blood Flow Dynamics
8.09 Electrical Conduction System of the Heart
8.10 Practical: Blood & Blood Vessels
8.11 Chapter Summary
09. Gas exchange
9.01 Gas Exchange in Multicellular Organisms
9.02 Structure and Function of the Lungs
9.03 Trachea, Bronchi, and Bronchioles
9.04 Inhaled Air
9.05 Alveoli and Gas Exchange
9.06 Practicals: Airways
9.07 Chapter Summary
10. Infectious disease
10.01 Infectious Diseases
10.02 Cholera
10.03 Malaria
10.04 HIV/AIDS
10.05 Tuberculosis (TB)
10.06 Antibiotics
10.07 Practicals
10.08 Chapter Summary
11. Immunity
11.01 Antibodies & Blood Groups
11.02 Overview: Immune System
11.03 Phagocytes
11.04 T-Lymphocytes (T cells)
11.05 B-Lymphocytes (B cells)
11.06 Active & Passive Immunity
11.07 Vaccines and Immunization
11.08 Monoclonal Antibodies (Mabs)
11.09 Chapter Summary
AS Practicals
P.01 Overview of Practical Skills
P.02 Experimental Skills
P.03 Variables
P.04 Practical: Colorimeter
P.05 Standardising or Changing Variables
P.06 Controls
P.07 Accuracy, Precision, and Replicates
P.08 Recording Quantitative Results
P.09 Displaying Data: Graphs, Bar Charts, and Histograms
P.10 Making Conclusions
P.11 Describing Data
P.12 Making Calculations from Data
P.13 Explaining Experimental Results
P.14 Identifying Sources of Error and Suggesting Improvements
P.15 Biological Drawings
P.16 Chapter Summary
P.17 End of Chapter Questions
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Practice Questions
Marking Guide
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2020 (May/June)
2020 Summer Paper 1
2021 (Feb/Mar)
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2021 (May/June)
2021 Summer Paper 11
2021 Summer Paper 21
2021 Summer Paper 21-23
2021 Summer Paper 41
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2022 Specimen Paper
2022 Summer – Multiple Choice 11
2022 Summer Paper 11
2023 (Feb/Mar)
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2023 (May/June)
2023 May/June – Paper 12
2023 May/June – Examiner's Report
2023 May/June – Grade Boundary
2023 May/June – Paper 13
2023 May/June – Paper 21
2023 May/June – Paper 22
2023 May/June – Paper 23
2023 May/June – Paper 31
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2023 May/June – Paper 33
2023 May/June – Paper 34
2023 May/June – Paper 35
2023 May/June – Paper 41
2023 May/June – Paper 42
2023 May/June – Paper 43
2023 May/June – Paper 51
2023 May/June – Paper 52
2023 May/June – Paper 53
2023 Summer – Multiple Choice 1A
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2024 (Feb/Mar)
2024 A2 Stats FM2
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2024 AS Multiple Choice FM2
2024 AS Practical FM3
2024 AS Structured FM2
2024 (Oct/Nov)
2024 AS Multiple Choice W1
2024 AS Multiple Choice W2
2024 AS Multiple Choice W3
2024 Oct/Nov – Paper 21
2024 Oct/Nov – Paper 22
2024 Oct/Nov – Paper 23
2024 Oct/Nov – Paper 31
2024 Oct/Nov – Paper 33
2024 Oct/Nov – Paper 34
2024 Oct/Nov – Paper 35
2024 Oct/Nov – Paper 36
2024 Oct/Nov – Paper 41
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2024 Oct/Nov – Paper 43
2024 Oct/Nov – Paper 51
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2024 Oct/Nov – Paper 53
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2024 (Summer)
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2024 AS Multiple Choice S1
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