Question 8a

External Structure:

• The kidney is a bean-shaped organ located on either side of the spine, partially protected by the lower ribs.
• Each kidney is surrounded by a protective layer of fat and connective tissue.

Internal Structure:

• Cortex: The outer region of the kidney where filtration begins. It contains numerous nephrons, which are the functional units of the kidney.
• Medulla: The inner region, organized into pyramid-like structures (renal pyramids). These pyramids contain loops of Henle and collecting ducts, which help concentrate urine.
• Pelvis: The funnel-shaped cavity where urine collects before passing into the ureter.

Associated Blood Vessels:

• Glomerular Capillaries: Located within each nephron, these capillaries allow the filtration of blood, with water, ions, and small molecules passing into the Bowman’s capsule.
• Renal Artery: Supplies oxygenated blood to the kidney, branching into smaller arterioles within the cortex to bring blood to each nephron for filtration.
• Renal Vein: Drains deoxygenated blood from the kidney back to the heart, carrying filtered blood away.