A-Level Biology: Notes & Past Papers

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12.A2. – Energy and Respiration 17 Topics

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12.01A2. – Energy

12.03A2. – Relative energy values of respiratory substances

12.04A2. – Respiratory quotient

12.05A2. – Cellular Respiration: Overview

12.06A2. – Aerobic respiration: Glycolysis

12.07A2. – Aerobic respiration: Mitochondria Structure + Link Reaction

12.08A2. – Aerobic respiration: Krebs Cycle

12.09A2. – Aerobic respiration: Electron Transport Chain

12.10A2. – Aerobic respiration: Energy production

12.11A2. – Anaerobic Respiration

12.12A2. – Rice Adaptation

12.13A2. – Investigation: Rate of respiration

12.14A2. – Investigation: RQ value.

12.15A2. – Investigation: Effect of Temperature on Respiration

12.16A2. – End of Chapter Questions

12.17A2. – Past Paper Practice

12.18A2. – Summary

13.A2. – Photosynthesis 17 Topics

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13.01A2. – Photosynthesis as an energy transfer process

13.02A2. – From photons to electrons: how light becomes electricity

13.03A2. – Photosynthetic Pigments

13.04A2. – Photosystem II

13.05A2. – Electron Transport Chain

13.06A2. – Photosystem I

13.07A2. – Light dependent reactions: Cyclic- and Non-cyclic Pathways

13.08A2. – Light independent reactions: Calvin Cycle

13.09A2. – Limiting factors

13.10A2. – Photosynthesis vs Respiration

13.11A2. – Adaptations for photosynthesis

13.12A2. – Investigation: identify pigments using chromatography

13.13A2. – Interpret absorption and action spectra

13.14A2. – DCPIP

13.15A2. – Past Paper Practice

13.16A2. – Chapter Summary

13.17A2. – End of Chapter Questions

14A2. – Homeostasis 12 Topics

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14.01A2. – Homeostasis: Overview

14.02A2. – Stimuli, Receptors, Central control, Co-ordination systems and Effectors

14.03A2. – Negative and Positive Feedback

14.04A2. – Endocrine System (Overview)

14.05A2. – Nervous System (Overview)

14.06A2. – Thermoregulation

14.07A2. – Glucose regulation

14.08A2. – Kidney

14.09A2. – Homeostasis in plants

14.10A2. – Past Paper Practice

14.11A2. – Chapter Summary

14.12A2. – End of Chapter Questions

15A2. – Control and Coordination 18 Topics

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15.01A2. – Nervous vs Endocrine systems

15.02A2. – Sensory receptors

15.03A2. – Sensory Neurons

15.04A2. – Interneurons/Relay Neurons

15.05A2. – Motor Neurons

15.06A2. – Reflexes

15.07A2. – Nerve Impulses

15.08A2. – Myelin Sheath

15.09A2. – Synapses

15.10A2. – Neurotransmitters and Drugs

15.11A2. – Muscle Contraction

15.12A2. – Menstrual Cycle

15.13A2. – Reproduction & Control

15.14A2. – Venus Fly Trap

15.15A2. – Plant Hormones

15.16A2. – Past Paper Practice

15.17A2. – Chapter Summary

15.18A2. – End of Chapter Questions

16.A2. – Inherited change 35 Topics | 31 Quizzes

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16.00A2. – Terms

16.01A2. – Heredity

16.01A2. – Mind Map Submission

16.02A2. – Chromosomes

16.02A2. – Mind Map Submission

16.03A2. – Mitosis

16.03A2. – Mind Map Submission

16.04A2. – Meiosis

16.04A2. – Mind Map Submission

16.05A2. – Sexual Reproduction

16.05A2. – Mind Map Submission

16.06A2. – Human: Gametogenesis to fertilization

16.06A2. – Mind Map Submission

16.07A2. – Plant: Gametogenesis to fertilization

16.07A2. – Mind Map Submission

16.08A2. – Asexual reproduction

16.08A2. – Mind Map Submission

16.09A2. – Genotype and Phenotype

16.09A2. – Mind Map Submission

16.10A2. – Gregor Mendel

16.10A2. – Mind Map Submission

16.11A2. – Punnett squares

16.11A2. – Mind Map Submission

16.12A2. – Monohybrid cross

16.12A2. – Mind Map Submission

16.13A2. – Test Cross

16.13A2. – Mind Map Submission

16.14A2. – Codominance

16.14A2. – Mind Map Submission

16.15A2. – Sex chromosomes

16.15A2. – Mind Map Submission

16.16A2. – Dihybrid Cross

16.16A2. – Mind Map Submission

16.17A2. – Drosophila

16.17A2. – Mind Map Submission

16.18A2. – Multiple alleles

16.18A2. – Mind Map Submission

16.19A2. – Linkage

16.19A2. – Mind Map Submission

16.20A2. – Epistasis

16.20A2. – Mind Map Submission

16.21A2. – Crossing over

16.21A2. – Mind Map Submission

16.22A2. – Chi-squared Test

16.22A2. – Mind Map Submission

16.23A2. – Environmental effects on phenotype

16.23A2. – Mind Map Submission

16.24A2. – Effect of Mutations on Phenotype

16.24A2. – Mind Map Submission

16.25A2. – Sickle Cell Anaemia

16.25A2. – Mind Map Submission

16.26A2. – Albinism

16.26A2. – Mind Map Submission

16.27A2. – Huntington’s disease

16.27A2. – Mind Map Submission

16.28A2. – Haemophilia

16.28A2. – Mind Map Submission

16.29A2. – Pedigree

16.29A2. – Mind Map Submission

16.30A2. – Gene control

16.30A2. – Mind Map Submission

16.31A2. – End of Chapter Questions

16.32A2. – Past Paper Practise

16.34A2. – Chapter Summary

16.35A2. – Chapter Tests

16.35A2. – Chapter Test 1 (20Q/30min)

17.A2. – Selection and evolution 17 Topics | 14 Quizzes

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17.01A2. – Variation

17.01A2. – Mind Map Submission

17.02A2. – Environment and phenotype

17.02A2. – Mind Map Submission

17.03A2. – t-test

17.03A2. – Mind Map Submission

17.04A2. – Competition

17.04A2. – Mind Map Submission

17.05A2. – Natural Selection

17.05A2. – Mind Map Submission

17.06A2. – Evolution

17.06A2. – Mind Map Submission

17.07A2. – Population genetics

17.07A2. – Mind Map Submission

17.08A2. – Hardy–Weinberg formula

17.08A2. – Mind Map Submission

17.09A2. – Artificial selection

17.09A2. – Mind Map Submission

17.10A2. – Charles Darwin

17.10A2. – Mind Map Submission

17.11A2. – Survival of the fittest

17.11A2. – Mind Map Submission

17.12A2. – Species and Speciation

17.12A2. – Mind Map Submission

17.13A2. – Extinct

17.13A2. – Mind Map Submission

17.14A2. – End of Chapter Questions

17.16A2. – Past Paper Practice

17.17A2. – Chapter Summary

17.18A2. – Chapter 17 Tests

17.18A2. – Chapter 17 Test 1 (10Q/10min)

18.A2. – Biodiversity, classification and conservation 26 Topics | 23 Quizzes

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18.01A2. – Species

18.01A2. – Mind Map Submission

18.02A2. – Ecosystem

18.02A2. – Mind Map Submission

18.03A2. – Habitat

18.03A2. – Mind Map Submission

18.04A2. – Niche

18.04A2. – Mind Map Submission

18.05A2. – Population

18.05A2. – Mind Map Submission

18.06A2. – Community

18.06A2. – Mind Map Submission

18.07A2. – Biodiversity

18.07A2. – Mind Map Submission

18.08A2. – Population sampling methods

18.08A2. – Mind Map Submission

18.09A2. – Spearman’s rank correlation and Pearson’s linear correlation

18.09A2. – Mind Map Submission

18.10A2. – Statistical Tests and Biodiversity

18.10A2. – Mind Map Submission

18.11A2. – Simpson’s Index

18.11A2. – Mind Map Submission

18.12A2. – Classification

18.12A2. – Mind Map Submission

18.13A2. – Three Domains

18.13A2. – Mind Map Submission

18.14A2. – Five Kingdoms

18.14A2. – Mind Map Submission

18.15A2. – Viruses

18.15A2. – Mind Map Submission

18.16A2. – Biodiversity

18.16A2. – Mind Map Submission

18.17A2. – Importance of biodiversity

18.17A2. – Mind Map Submission

18.18A2. – Conservation

18.18A2. – Mind Map Submission

18.19A2. – Methods of protecting endangered species

18.19A2. – Mind Map Submission

18.20A2. – New developments in conservation

18.20A2. – Mind Map Submission

18.21A2. – The roles of non-governmental organisations in conservation

18.21A2. – Mind Map Submission

18.22A2. – Restoration of degraded habitats

18.22A2. – Mind Map Submission

18.23A2. – End of Chapter Questions

18.24A2. – Past Paper Practise

18.25A2. – Chapter Summary

18.26A2. – Chapter tests

18.26A2. – Chapter 18 Test 1 (12Q/10min)

19.A2. – Genetic technology 30 Topics | 27 Quizzes

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19.01A2. – Genetic engineering/Gene technology

19.01A2. – Mind Map Submission

19.02A2. – Centrifuge

19.02A2. – Mind Map Submission

19.03A2. – Restriction enzymes

19.03A2. – Mind Map Submission

19.04A2. – Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

19.04A2. – Mind Map Submission

19.05A2. – Electrophoresis

19.05A2. – Mind Map Submission

19.06A2. – DNA ligase

19.06A2. – Mind Map Submission

19.07A2. – Overview: DNA cloning

19.07A2. – Mind Map Submission

19.08A2. – Step 1: Choose host organism and cloning vector

19.08A2. – Mind Map Submission

19.09A2. – Step 2: Prepare vector DNA (Restriction enzymes)

19.09A2. – Mind Map Submission

19.10A2. – Step 3: Prepare DNA to be cloned (Restriction enzymes and PCR)

19.10A2. – Mind Map Submission

19.11A2. – Step 4: Creation of recombinant DNA with DNA ligase

19.11A2. – Mind Map Submission

19.12A2. – Step 5: Introduce recombinant DNA into host organism

19.12A2. – Mind Map Submission

19.13A2. – Step 6: Identify organisms containing vector sequences

19.13A2. – Mind Map Submission

19.14A2. – Step 7: Protein production (Vector Expression)

19.14A2. – Mind Map Submission

19.15A2. – Insulin production

19.15A2. – Mind Map Submission

19.16A2. – Alternative Markers

19.16A2. – Mind Map Submission

19.17A2. – Other methods of Isolating Genes

19.17A2. – Mind Map Submission

19.18A2. – DNA Microarrays

19.18A2. – Mind Map Submission

19.19A2. – Cloning

19.19A2. – Mind Map Submission

19.20A2. – Libraries

19.20A2. – Mind Map Submission

19.21A2. – Genetic Modification of Eukaryotes

19.21A2. – Mind Map Submission

19.22A2. – Bioinformatics

19.22A2. – Mind Map Submission

19.23A2. – Genetic Engineering in Medicine

19.23A2. – Mind Map Submission

19.24A2. – Bioinformatics in Forensic Medicine and Criminal Investigations

19.24A2. – Mind Map Submission

19.25A2. – Genetic Technology in Agriculture

19.25A2. – Mind Map Submission

19.26A2. – Ethical and Social Implications

19.26A2. – Mind Map Submission

19.27A2. – End of Chapter Questions

19.28A2. – Past Paper Practise

19.29A2. – Chapter Summary

19.30A2. – Chapter tests

19.30A2. – Chapter test 1

20.A2. – Course Certificate 1 Topic | 2 Quizzes

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**Read me!** – A2 Biology Certificate

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